学习如何创建和使用鱼骨图进行根因分析。含模板、6M 分类和真实质量工程案例。8D D4 阶段的必备工具。
什么是鱼骨图? 鱼骨图(石川图/因果图)是由石川馨(Kaoru Ishikawa)在 20 世纪 60 年代开发的根因分析可视化工具。"鱼头"代表问题,"鱼骨"分支代表原因类别。它是丰田生产体系的基础工具之一。 6M 分类 人 (Man) — 培训、疲劳、沟通、经验 机 (Machine) — 磨损、校准、维护、工装 法 (Method) — SOP 清晰度、作业指导书 料 (Material) — 供应商变异、存储、搬运 测 (Measurement) — 量具精度、测量方法 环 (Mother Nature) — 温度、湿度、灰尘、振动 如何创建鱼骨图 步骤 1-3:在右侧写问题(鱼头)→ 画脊柱 → 画 6 条主分支(6M) 步骤 4-5:针对每个类别集思广益 → 追问"为什么"钻深 步骤 6-7:圈出 3-5 个最可能原因 → 用 5-Why 找到真根因 鱼骨图 vs 5-Why 先用鱼骨图广泛撒网(广度),再用 5-Why 深入钻探(深度)。二者互补。
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The 8D (Eight Disciplines) problem-solving methodology is the global standard for quality engineering under IATF 16949. It guides teams through D0 (Preparation and Emergency Response), D1 (Cross-Functional Team Formation), D2 (Problem Description using 5W2H), D3 (Interim Containment Actions), D4 (Root Cause Analysis), D5 (Permanent Corrective Action Verification), D6 (Implementation of Corrective Actions), D7 (Recurrence Prevention), and D8 (Team Recognition and Closure). Each discipline provides a structured approach to identifying root causes, implementing effective solutions, and preventing recurrence.
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